View source for Classes/Building an 8-Bit CPU from Scratch

{{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="position:absolute; top: -9999px;">Classes/</span>Building an 8-Bit CPU from Scratch}}
{{Tutorial
| name=8-Bit CPU Using Logic Gates
| creator = [[User:Andrewvaughan|Andrew Vaughan]]
| date = May 27, 2017
| est_time = 16 Weeks
| est_cost = $40
| in_development = Yes
| is_project = Yes
}}

In this class, taught by [[User:andrewvaughan|Andrew Vaughan]], you will learn how to build a functional (albeit, simple) 8-Bit CPU from scratch using breadboards and [[Wikipedia:Transistor-transistor logic|TTL Integrated Circuits]].  No prior electronics experience is required in the class, as the basics are covered in the first lesson.  At the end of the course, you will have built a fully-functional, modular CPU, as well as your own personalized [[Wikipedia:Assembly language|Assembly language]], that you can extend indefinitely to create more extensive functionality.

Office hours are held before and after each class.  The office hours prior to the class (timing of which will be announced with each class) are intended for members who have missed classes and need to catch up on modules for the upcoming lesson.  Office hours after each class will provide a list of advanced topics from the lesson plan, which will only be covered if interest is shown.  This time is also available to assist with debugging problems in circuits.

== Time and Location ==

{|
! style="text-align: right;" | Instructor:
| [[User:andrewvaughan|Andrew Vaughan]] (Contact information available on user page)
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | Where:
| [[Main Page|Pumping Station: One]] [[Facilities#Electronics.2FMechatronics_Lab|Electronics Lab]] (2nd Floor)
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | When:
| TBD
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | Office Hours:
| TBD
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | Minimum Class Size:
| 2
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | Maximum Class Size:
| 8
|}

== Prerequisites ==

There are minimal prerequisites to attend this class.  No prior experience in electronics is needed, nor any experience with soldering or computers.  It is important that novices attend the first classes, and make use of office hours, to ask questions before continuing on to more advanced topics.

=== Materials ===

Components will be group-purchased before each class to ensure proper components are bought, and to keep prices down.  As such, the cost of materials can vary, depending on how many people are in class.  While some materials are available in the electronics space, such assumptions should be taken with caution.  You don't want to miss a class because the component you need isn't available!

{| style="width: 350px; margin: 25px auto; padding: 15px; border: 2px solid #cc0; border-radius: 20px; background: #ffc;"
! Notice
|-
| This section is still under development.  Please check back later for more information.''
|}

==== Components ====

The following components are required to build the CPU project.  No components are "consumed" by this project, as long as it is built on a breadboard; so, if you so choose, you may reuse these components in future projects.  A bulk-purchase option is given to students at the beginning of each class, which serves to reduce costs.  The average cost, per-student, when bulk-purchasing all-new components is generally about $TBD.  Prices last updated May 31, 2017.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 75%; min-width: 350px; margin: 25px auto;"
! Category
! Cost<br/><small>(Individual)</small>
! Cost<br/><small>(Class Rate)</small>
! Quantity
! Component
! Type
! Modules Used
|-
! rowspan="2" | Base
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | --
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | --
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| colspan="2" | [http://amzn.to/2qqAGFi 22AWG Solid Wire Kit], Various Colors (see below)
| All
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $38.76
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $38.76
| style="text-align: center;" |  14
| colspan="2" | [http://amzn.to/2s1DxWp Full-Sized (830-Point) Breadboards]<sup>&dagger;</sup>
| All
|-
! rowspan="6" | Resistors
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.80
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.18
| style="text-align: center;" | 8
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/stackpole-electronics-inc/CF14JT470R/CF14JT470RCT-ND/1830342 470Ω Resistor]
| ¼W, ±5% Tolerance
| Clock, RAM, Display
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.90
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.20
| style="text-align: center;" | 9
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/stackpole-electronics-inc/CF14JT1K00/CF14JT1K00CT-ND/1830350 1kΩ Resistor]
| ¼W, ±5% Tolerance
| Bus
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.80
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.18
| style="text-align: center;" | 8
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/stackpole-electronics-inc/CF14JT10K0/CF14JT10K0CT-ND/1830374 10kΩ Resistor]
| ¼W, ±5% Tolerance
| Clock, Display
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.20
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.08
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/stackpole-electronics-inc/CF14JT100K/CF14JT100KCT-ND/1830399 100kΩ Resistor]
| ¼W, ±5% Tolerance
| Bus
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.10
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.04
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/stackpole-electronics-inc/CF14JT1M00/CF14JT1M00CT-ND/1830423 1MΩ Resistor]
| ¼W, ±5% Tolerance
| Clock
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $2.48
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $2.18
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/bourns-inc/3386F-1-105TLF/3386F-1-105TLF-ND/2536915 1MΩ Potentiometer]
| ½W
| Clock
|-
! rowspan="3" | Capacitors
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.90
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.65
| style="text-align: center;" | 6
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/vishay-bc-components/K103K10X7RF5UH5/BC2662CT-ND/2356876 0.01µF Capacitor]
| Ceramic, ±10% 50V
| Clock, RAM, Display
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.36
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.27
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/vishay-bc-components/K104K10X7RF5UH5/BC2665CT-ND/2356879 0.1µF Capacitor]
| Ceramic, ±10% 50V
| Clock
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.75
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $0.55
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/avx-corporation/TAP105K035SRW/478-8041-1-ND/3900657 1µF Capacitor]
| Conformal Coated, ±10% 35V
| Clock
|-
! rowspan="17" | Integrated Circuits
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $1.64
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $1.33
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/fairchild-on-semiconductor/LM555CN/LM555CNFS-ND/458696 LM555CN]
| Timer
| Clock, Display
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $1.14
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $1.02
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/texas-instruments/SN74LS00N/296-1626-5-ND/277272 74LS00]
| Quad NAND Gate
| RAM
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $3.45
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $3.06
| style="text-align: center;" | 5
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/texas-instruments/SN74LS04N/296-1629-5-ND/277275 74LS04]
| Hex Inverter
| Clock, RAM, Controller
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $1.26
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $1.11
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| [https://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/texas-instruments/SN74LS08N/296-1633-5-ND/277279 74LS08]
| Quad AND Gate
| Clock, Display
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| 74LS32
| Quad OR Gate
| Clock
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| 74LS76
| Dual JK Flip-Flop
| Display
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| 74LS86
| Quad XOR Gate
| ALU
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| 74LS138
| 3-to-8 Line Decoder
| Controller
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| 74LS139
| Dual 2-Line to 4-Line Decoder
| Display
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
| 74LS157
| Quad 2-to-1 Line Data Selector
| RAM
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
| 74LS161
| 4-bit Synchronous Binary Counter
| Program Counter, Controller
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 7
| 74LS173
| 4-bit D-Type Register
| Register, RAM
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| 74LS189
| 64-bit Random Access Memory
| RAM
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 6
| 74LS245
| Octal Bus Transceiver
| Register, ALU, Ram, Program Counter
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| 74LS273
| Octal D Flip-Flop
| Display
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| 74LS283
| 4-bit Binary Full Adder
| ALU
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
| colspan="2" | 28C16 EEPROM
| Display, Controller
|-
! rowspan="4" | Switches
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| Double-Throw Toggle Switch
| 8mm, DPDT, Latching
| Clock, RAM
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| Momentary Tactile Switch
| 6mm, Normally-Open
| Clock, RAM
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| colspan="2" | 8-Position DIP Switch
| RAM
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| colspan="2" | 4-Position DIP Switch
| RAM
|-
! rowspan="5" | LEDs
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 41
| Red LED
| 3mm, 1.8-2.3V, 20mA
| Bus, Register, ALU, RAM
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 20
| Yellow LED
| 3mm, 1.8-2.3V, 20mA
| Register, RAM, Controller
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 11
| Green LED
| 3mm, 2.8-3.6v, 20mA
| Ram, Program Counter, Controller
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 22
| Blue LED
| 3mm, 2.8-3.6v, 20mA
| Clock, Register, Controller
|-
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: right; font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;" | $
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
| 7-Segment Display
| Common-Cathode, 10-Pin, 2mm Pin Pitch
| Display
|}
<small style="display: block; width: 75%; min-width: 350px; margin: 25px auto;"><i><sup>&dagger;</sup> For advanced participants familiar with soldering, [http://amzn.to/2s1W7xR StripBoard] can be used instead to save space and money (about $30 in savings).  Do note, however, that soldering and organization of these boards will not be covered in the class, and if chosen by the student, will need to be managed themselves.  Using such boards can also make debugging and modification significantly more time-consuming and difficult.  If using StripBoard, ensure that the board's [[Wikipedia:List of integrated circuit packaging types#Dimension_reference|pin pitch]] is the standard breadboard size of 0.1" (2.54mm).</i></small>

===== Wire Color Guide =====

Wire colors are used for the following, so please ensure any kit you buy contains enough of each.  Wire may be available in the Electronics Lab, but gauge and color cannot be guaranteed:

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="width: 75%; min-width: 350px; margin: 25px auto; font-family: courier new, courier, fixed-width;"
! style="color: #f00; text-align: right; border-right: 1px solid #ccc;" | Red
| Power, Positive
|-
! style="color: #000; text-align: right; border-right: 1px solid #ccc;" | Black
| Power, Ground
|-
! style="color: #fff; text-align: right; border-right: 1px solid #ccc;" | White
| Signal, Clock
|-
! style="color: #ff0; text-align: right; border-right: 1px solid #ccc;" | Yellow
| Signal, Control Logic
|-
! style="color: #00f; text-align: right; border-right: 1px solid #ccc;" | Blue
| Signal, Module-to-Bus
|-
! style="color: #0f0; text-align: right; border-right: 1px solid #ccc;" | Green
| Signal, Other (IC-to-IC, Module-to-Module, etc)
|}

==== Recommended Tools ====

Most of these tools are available in the space.  However, we will need to share them within the group, as well as with others who may be working in the space at the time.  Especially in the case of hand tools and multimeters, you may wish to provide your own.  Given the simplicity of this project, neither high-end nor high-precision tools are required for this project.

Unless specifically marked, it is recommend that you get your own tools for this project to keep pace with the rest of the class:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 75%; min-width: 350px; margin: 25px auto;"
! Tool
! Details
|-
| [http://amzn.to/2qqmKLM Flush Diagonal Cutters]
| Used to cut wire and trim pins flush to a surface.  Very useful for any electronics project.
|-
| [http://amzn.to/2qqja3Z Self-Adjusting Wire Strippers]
| Used to trim the ends of wire sheathing (which we do a lot).  [http://amzn.to/2ra2JMF Simpler strippers] exist, if you wish to save money.
|-
| [http://amzn.to/2s21hKk Multimeter] <br/><small style="white-space: nowrap;">with Standard ''and'' Alligator-Clip Probes</small>
| Used to measure voltages, amperage, continuity, and generally debug problem circuits.  Given the basic nature of this project, a high-precision multimeter is <i>not</i> necessary
|-
| Oscilloscope
| Used to debug and optimize circuits.  We will use the Oscilloscopes in the Electronics Lab.
|}

=== Authorizations ===

Please read the rules and responsibilities in the [[:Category:Electronics#Area_Rules|Electronics Area]] prior to attending.  Along with these rules, the following authorizations must be completed to be eligible for this course:

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|-
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== Syllabus ==

Classes are held weekly, and build on top of each other.  It is important that all classes are attended, or completing the CPU will be very difficult.  Office hours are made available prior to every class to allow persons who miss classes to catch up prior to starting a new lesson.

=== Prep Session: Electronics Fundamentals ===

Prior to getting into the course syllabus, an hour-long session will be hosted for anyone who is new to electronics.  Nothing needs to be purchased for this class, and there is no maximum for the number of people who may attend.  It is not required for someone interested in this prep class to be registered for the following 8-Bit CPU course - it is open to all members every time it is offered.

This course is not required for members already experienced with electronics in order to be successful with the remaining courses in the class.

==== Topics ====

By way of introduction into digital electronics, the prep class will dive into certain fundamental knowledge that is necessary for work on any circuit.  The following topics will be covered:

* Basic overview of common components and parts, where they are used, and how they work
* Basic overview of how circuits work (the [[Wikipedia:Hydraulic Analogy|Hydraulic Analogy]])
* [[Wikipedia:Alternating Current|Alternating-Current]] (AC) vs. [[Wikipedia:Direct Current|Direct-Current]] (DC)
* Different methods of powering circuits on a breadboard
* Building our first circuit - let there be light!
* [[Wikipedia:Kerckhoffs's principle|Kerckhoffs's Principle]] - AKA, how not to light your breadboard on fire
* Introduction to [[Wikipedia:Resistor|resistors]]
* Introduction to [[Wikipedia:Switch|switches]]
* The [[Wikipedia:Multimeter|multimeter]], measurement, and calculations
** <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;">[P]</span> Power; [[Wikipedia:Watt|Watt]] (KW, W, mW)
** <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;">[I]</span> Amperage; [[Wikipedia:Ampere|Ampere]] or Amp (KA, A, mA, μA))
** <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;">[V]</span> Voltage; [[Wikipedia:Volt|Volt]] (KV, V, mV, μV)
** <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, fixed-width;">[R]</span> Resistance; [[Wikipedia:Ohm|Ohm]] (MΩ, KΩ, Ω)
* The Mystery Signal™ - learning how to debug a circuit
* Introduction to diodes and transistors
* Introduction to integrated circuits

After the lesson, students will receive a [[File:Electronics_Cheat_Sheet.pdf|Electronics Cheat Sheet]] for their reference throughout the rest of the course.

==== After the Class ====

Office hours are held for up to an hour after the class concludes.  This is an open-forum time period in which questions can be asked and answered.  Optionally, students can also choose between these more-advanced topics, if they wish to learn more about the topics from the class' discussion:

* Ideal components vs. reality
* The physics behind how Diodes and Transistors work
* The wide, wide world of components, and choosing the right one for your circuit
* Different types of switches
* Different types of resistors

=== Week 2 - Implementing Logic with Transistors ===

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=== Week 3 - The CPU Clock Module ===

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=== Week 4 - The 8-Bit Register Modules ===

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=== Week 5 - Designing an ALU ===

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=== Week 6 - The ALU Module ===

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=== Week 7 - The RAM Module ===

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=== Week 8 - Building a Binary Counter ===

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=== Week 9 - The Program Counter Module ===

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=== Week 10 - Designing for 7-Segment Displays ===

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=== Week 11 - Introduction to EEPROM ===

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=== Week 12 - The Display Module ===

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=== Week 13 - Connecting the Modules with a Bus ===

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=== Week 14 - Designing Control Signals ===

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=== Week 15 - Control Logic Module ===

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== Completion ==

Upon completion, each member of the class will have a modularized, extendable CPU.  The CPU can be programmed using an Arduino Programmer, which can be borrowed during the class, or built in one of the after-hours office-hours.  Here are some examples what can be done to extend and modify the basic circuitry:

* Create additional circuitry to support more-advanced instructions
* Add more capabilities to the ALU to enable more-powerful processing
* Transition 7400-series integrated circuits to more-advanced functionality to reduce circuit complexity
* Extend the processing capability to 16- or even 32-bit processing
* Add additional input and output capabilities to the system (e.g., serial controllers, USB, disks, multi-line LCDs, etc...)

[[Category:Classes]]